Current Pain and Headache Reports, December 2004; 8(6): 457-62.

It has been long recognized in the otolaryngic community that despite great effort dedicated to the physiology and pathology of the ear, nose, throat/head and neck, there are a number of symptoms, including pain in various locations about the head and neck, which cannot be explained by traditional otolaryngic principles.

Postgraduate Medicine, February 1983; 73(2): 66, 68-70, 73.

Myofascial trigger points (TPs) are frequently overlooked sources of acute and chronic low back pain. An active myofascial TP is suspected by its focal tenderness to palpation and by restricted stretch range of motion.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, March 1981; 62(3): 107-10.

The treatment of myofascial trigger point (TP) pain syndromes is not difficult once the source of the problem has been determined. Whereas many modalities may be used, two of the most effective are spray-and-stretch and TP injection.

Postgraduate Medicine, August 1994; 96(2): 56-9, 63-64, 66, 69-73.

Diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome may become less challenging as clinical criteria become better defined. The mechanisms are not well known, and the syndrome occurs in a wide variety of settings.

The Journal of Foot Surgery, Spring 1982; 21(1): 74-9.

Myofascial pain syndrome is an entity with which every podiatrist should be familiar. These disorders are usually the result of acute or chronic injury and are characterized by the presence of trigger areas and symptom complexes that have definite patterns.

General Dentistry, March-April 2001; 49(2): 156-8.

Two case reports examine a little-known cause of dental pain and sensitivity to percussion. Contrary to the traditional assumption that pain and sensitivity to percussion almost always are diagnostic of pulpal inflammation and/or necrosis, these symptoms actually may be referred to the sensitive tooth from trigger points in the masticatory muscles. Therefore, myofascial pain syndrome must be ruled out in patients who have dental pain and display sensitivity to percussion.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, October 2002; 83(10): 1406-14.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effect of physical therapeutic modalities on myofascial pain in the upper trapezius muscle.

The Clinical Journal of Pain, March 2000; 16(1): 64-72.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess clinical consensus regarding whether myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a legitimate and distinct diagnosis as well as the signs and symptoms characterizing MPS.

Regional Anesthesia, January-February; 22(1): 89-101

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common condition often resulting in referral to a pain clinic. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and various diagnostic tools are reviewed, and a variety of treatment methods are discussed.

Physical Therapy, February 1981; 61(2): 185-9.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of Fluori-Methane spray as a method of affecting passive range of motion measured at the right hip joint. Subjects were 30 normal volunteers randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.

Spine, September 1989; 14(9): 962-4.

The efficacy of trigger-point injection therapy in treatment of low-back strain was evaluated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. The patient population consisted of 63 individuals with low-back strain.

Dental Clinics of North America, January 1991; 35(1): 1-28.

Myofascial pain (MFP) is a regional muscle pain disorder characterized by localized tenderness in taut muscle bands and referred pain.

Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders: Facial & Oral Pain, Spring 1990; 4(2): 80-8.

These guidelines include the usual and customary treatment approaches recommended for each of the diagnostic categories described in a previous article on the examination and diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders.

Pain, December 1991; 47(3):345-52.

Although rarely recognized, the piriformis syndrome appears to be a common cause of buttock and leg pain as a result of injury to the piriformis muscle. Four cases representing a broad spectrum of presentations are described here.

American Family Physician, February 15, 2002; 65(4): 653-60.

Trigger points are discrete, focal, hyperirritable spots located in a taut band of skeletal muscle. They produce pain locally and in a referred pattern and often accompany chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Acute trauma or repetitive microtrauma may lead to the development of stress on muscle fibers and the formation of trigger points.

New Zealand Medical Journal, August 23, 1989; 102(874): 440-1.

Five children with acute and chronic regional myofascial pain syndromes, involving the sternomastoid, the external oblique, the rectus abdominis and the biceps femoris, are described.