Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, March 1981; 62(3): 107-10.

The treatment of myofascial trigger point (TP) pain syndromes is not difficult once the source of the problem has been determined. Whereas many modalities may be used, two of the most effective are spray-and-stretch and TP injection.

General Dentistry, March-April 2001; 49(2): 156-8.

Two case reports examine a little-known cause of dental pain and sensitivity to percussion.

Dental Clinics of North America, January 1991; 35(1): 1-28.

Myofascial pain (MFP) is a regional muscle pain disorder characterized by localized tenderness in taut muscle bands and referred pain.

Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders: Facial & Oral Pain, Spring 1990; 4(2): 80-8.

These guidelines include the usual and customary treatment approaches recommended for each of the diagnostic categories described in a previous article on the examination and diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders.

American Family Physician, February 15, 2002; 65(4):653-60.

Trigger points are discrete, focal, hyperirritable spots located in a taut band of skeletal muscle. They produce pain locally and in a referred pattern and often accompany chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

The Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, March 1981; 62(3): 100-6.

Myofascial trigger points (TPs) in a muscle are usually activated by acute or chronic overload of the muscle. They are identified by objective and subjective findings.

Current Pain and Headache Reports, December 2004; 8(6): 457-62.

It has been long recognized in the otolaryngic community that despite great effort dedicated to the physiology and pathology of the ear, nose, throat/head and neck, there are a number of symptoms, including pain in various locations about the head and neck, which cannot be explained by traditional otolaryngic principles.

Postgraduate Medicine, February 1983; 73(2): 66, 68-70, 73.

Myofascial trigger points (TPs) are frequently overlooked sources of acute and chronic low back pain. An active myofascial TP is suspected by its focal tenderness to palpation and by restricted stretch range of motion.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, March 1981; 62(3): 107-10.

The treatment of myofascial trigger point (TP) pain syndromes is not difficult once the source of the problem has been determined. Whereas many modalities may be used, two of the most effective are spray-and-stretch and TP injection.

Postgraduate Medicine, August 1994; 96(2): 56-9, 63-64, 66, 69-73.

Diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome may become less challenging as clinical criteria become better defined. The mechanisms are not well known, and the syndrome occurs in a wide variety of settings.

The Journal of Foot Surgery, Spring 1982; 21(1): 74-9.

Myofascial pain syndrome is an entity with which every podiatrist should be familiar. These disorders are usually the result of acute or chronic injury and are characterized by the presence of trigger areas and symptom complexes that have definite patterns.

General Dentistry, March-April 2001; 49(2): 156-8.

Two case reports examine a little-known cause of dental pain and sensitivity to percussion. Contrary to the traditional assumption that pain and sensitivity to percussion almost always are diagnostic of pulpal inflammation and/or necrosis, these symptoms actually may be referred to the sensitive tooth from trigger points in the masticatory muscles. Therefore, myofascial pain syndrome must be ruled out in patients who have dental pain and display sensitivity to percussion.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, October 2002; 83(10): 1406-14.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effect of physical therapeutic modalities on myofascial pain in the upper trapezius muscle.

The Clinical Journal of Pain, March 2000; 16(1): 64-72.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess clinical consensus regarding whether myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a legitimate and distinct diagnosis as well as the signs and symptoms characterizing MPS.

Regional Anesthesia, January-February; 22(1): 89-101

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common condition often resulting in referral to a pain clinic. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and various diagnostic tools are reviewed, and a variety of treatment methods are discussed.

Physical Therapy, February 1981; 61(2): 185-9.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of Fluori-Methane spray as a method of affecting passive range of motion measured at the right hip joint. Subjects were 30 normal volunteers randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.

Spine, September 1989; 14(9): 962-4.

The efficacy of trigger-point injection therapy in treatment of low-back strain was evaluated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. The patient population consisted of 63 individuals with low-back strain.

Dental Clinics of North America, January 1991; 35(1): 1-28.

Myofascial pain (MFP) is a regional muscle pain disorder characterized by localized tenderness in taut muscle bands and referred pain.

Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders: Facial & Oral Pain, Spring 1990; 4(2): 80-8.

These guidelines include the usual and customary treatment approaches recommended for each of the diagnostic categories described in a previous article on the examination and diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders.

Pain, December 1991; 47(3):345-52.

Although rarely recognized, the piriformis syndrome appears to be a common cause of buttock and leg pain as a result of injury to the piriformis muscle. Four cases representing a broad spectrum of presentations are described here.

American Family Physician, February 15, 2002; 65(4): 653-60.

Trigger points are discrete, focal, hyperirritable spots located in a taut band of skeletal muscle. They produce pain locally and in a referred pattern and often accompany chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Acute trauma or repetitive microtrauma may lead to the development of stress on muscle fibers and the formation of trigger points.

New Zealand Medical Journal, August 23, 1989; 102(874): 440-1.

Five children with acute and chronic regional myofascial pain syndromes, involving the sternomastoid, the external oblique, the rectus abdominis and the biceps femoris, are described.

Cancer Nursing, April 1, 1992; 15(2): 130-6.

Pediatric cancer patients often become anxious, agitated, combative, and uncooperative due to the pain or fear of pain during invasive procedures. Generally, it is not the actual administration of medicines that produces this reaction, but the fear of the needle stick itself.

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, May 1995; 88(5): 264-7.

Three commonly available local anaesthetics were compared, in a controlled trial, for use before venous cannulation. The pain of application of the local anaesthetic, the pain of cannulation, and the rate of successful cannulations were compared.

Drug Safety, April 1997; 16(4): 279-87

Since its introduction, eutectic lidocaine-prilocaine cream ('EMLA')1 has been found to be an effective topical anaesthetic agent, with a high degree of efficacy, particularly for venepuncture and venous cannulation, and an impressive tolerability profile. Reports of adverse effects are remarkable for their rarity.

Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, April 1999; 120(4): 458-9.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of inflammatory and neoplastic head and neck masses has become a widely used procedure in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Using both subjective (patient perception) and objective (complication rate, accuracy) criteria, this prospective study evaluated patients undergoing FNA with and without anesthesia.

Patient satisfaction with nursing care is the strongest predictor of overall satisfaction. Reducing discomfort of routine procedures, such as venipuncture for an intravenous insertion, can contribute to perceived satisfaction. This article reviews three common pharmacological interventions that can be used by perianesthesia nurses to reduce the pain of venipuncture.

Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, Vol. 37, 656-658.

One hundred and twenty unpremedicated patients undergoing gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to one of three equal treatment groups to assess the effectiveness of ethyl chloride in producing instant skin anaesthesia to prevent the pain of venepuncture from a 20 G cannula. They received either no anaesthetic, 0.2 ml one per cent lidocaine plain intradermally or a ten-second spray of ethyl chloride at the cannulation site.

Pediatrics. 1997 Dec;100(6):E5.

BACKGROUND: Untreated immunization pain causes undue distress and contributes to underimmunization through physician, and possibly parental, resistance to multiple simultaneous injections.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacies of two pain management methods in reducing immediate immunization injection pain and distress in school-aged children.

Journal of Travel Medicine, September 1, 2004; 11(5): 267-72.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive international travel preparation often requires several vaccines. Up to 90% of adults have some fear of injections, mostly due to injection-related pain. Pediatric studies with routine vaccines have shown topical anesthetic EMLA cream (lidocaine and prilocaine, Astra Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and the topical vapocoolant Fluori-Methane (dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorodifluoromethane, Gebauer Co.) to be equally effective in reducing pain from vaccinations. EMLA cream is expensive and requires a 60-min application, while Fluori-Methane (FM) is immediate in onset of action and inexpensive. Skin anesthesia begins at 10 degrees C. Fluori-Methane can briefly cool the skin to 0 degrees C.

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, J Pain Symptom Manage, November 1, 1995; 10(8): 584-90.

Early childhood experiences with painful injections may lead to anxiety and fear. These reactions need not develop if steps are taken to reduce the pain associated with injections. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a refrigerant topical anesthetic in reducing injection pain in preschool children experiencing routine diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations. This double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted in community health clinics in conjunction with ongoing immunization programs.